introduction l General pathology MCQs (Multiple choice question) for dental students
•pathology:
- the science which deals with the study of disease
•lesion :
- structural changes occurring in tissue due to disease
•etiology :
the cause of disesase , it include :
- predisposing factors : factors help development of disease ( ↓ body defense , ↑susceptibility (hereditary) as bronchial asthma
- exciting factor ( direct cause of disease) : may be :
- defective fetal development in uterus : congenital or heditary ( genetic)
- acquired factors ( after birth) : exogenous ( environmental ) or endogenous
pathological examination of lesion : by 2 method
- gross picture=macroscopic pic = N/E : a naked eye examination of the pathological changes
- histological = microscopic pic = M/E of cell : light microscope , elctronn microscope , immunohistological , technique : immunofluorescence technique & immunohistochemistry
fate of the disease :
- prognosis : is the forecast of the course & termination of a disease
- →complication : additional pathological changes which may occur durin or after the termination of the usual course of the disease (modify the prognosis)
•pathogenesis :
- the mechanism by which the causative agent produce the lesion
nature of disease :
- congenital & hereditary diseases
- acquired disease : inflammation , degeneration , circulatory disturbance or neoplasia ( tumors )
Resistance and Susceptibility
- Why does one person develop an illness when others do not, even when they are exposed to the same conditions?
- The answer to this question lies within the realm of host resistance
and susceptibility. Resistance is the natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by
pathogenic or toxic agents.
- Susceptibility is
the exact opposite, where conditions within or around the organism or host do not
inhibit the action of pathogenic agents.
- Resistance is affected by many risk factors or
predisposing conditions. The following discussion focuses on general categories
of risk factors
Genetic
- Genetic influences play an undeniable role in whether or not a person is susceptible to certain conditions and diseases.
- In fact, it can be safely said that inheritance affects every aspect of our health. Some individuals have a limited genetic lineage, meaning that their ancestors may have the same ethnic or religious background or come from the same geographic area. Often, individuals in these groups have a higher risk of developing a disease than someone from another group. Families not having a limited genetic lineage may still carry genetic risk factors that will place them at a higher risk of developing conditions than families that do not have the risk factor.
- Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disorder affecting individuals of Jewish descent more frequently than any other group. Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by excess storage of lipids in the cells and tissues of the brain. This process eventually causes destruction of the cells and death of the child, usually within a few years. Sickle cell anemia is found most often in those with an African genetic lineage. Sickle cell anemia is the most common fatal genetic disorder among Blacks .
- Often, inherited traits will decrease the resistance of an individual for certain conditions. Fair-skinned individuals have a higher risk of skin cancer than darker-skinned individuals. Higher risks of developing conditions such as breast cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure have also been found in family lineages.
Immune System
- A deficit in any part of the immune system will cause a decrease in the resistance of the host. Some defects are more serious than others. Loss of the tonsils for example, causes a minor decrease in the body’s ability to fight off
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