inflammation 2 l General pathology MCQs for dental student

 

inflammation 2 l General pathology MCQs (Multiple choice question) for dental students 

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 Phases of acute inflammation 

Amplification Phase

• The amplification phase begins as the first leukocytes gather around the injury. When the nail entered the foot, it brought microorganisms and bits of dirt and rust with it. All of this foreign matter will need to be removed from the tissues. Many pathogenic organisms have defense mechanisms making them difficult to destroy and remove from the area.

• Opsonization (Event 6) enables leukocytes to destroy and remove these resistant organisms.

• The resistant organisms are prepared for destruction by chemical substances called opsonins found in exudate collecting within the injured area. Immunoglobulins, natural antibodies produced by the immune system, are an example of one type of opsonin. If opsonization is necessary, organisms will be coated with opsonins to prepare them for removal by the leukocytes.

• Foreign matter is eliminated by leukocytes during a process called phagocytosis (Event 7) . If the injury is extensive and there is so much debris it cannot be phagocytized by the leukocytes, the inflammatory process will be amplified further by more chemical mediators, and different types of leukocytes will be called into action from the surrounding tissue and blood vessels.

Termination Phase

• During the termination phase, foreign material and cellular debris resulting from the injury and the inflammatory process will be removed through the lymphatic system (Event 8). Other chemical mediators will inhibit or stop further action by the inflammatory process, and the area will complete the healing or repair process.

• If the inflammatory process is not halted for some reason, the process will become long term, resulting in more damage to the tissue instead of healing.

 

Outcomes of  Acute Inflammation

• The end result or outcome of acute inflammation depends, in part, on the cause of the inflammation. Acute inflammation not associated with tissue damage may progress to chronic inflammation or may resolve completely. Inflammation associated with tissue damage, whether traumatic or not, may progress to chronic inflammation, abscess formation, resolution of the inflammatory process, and healing by either regeneration or repair . Researchers are currently examining the impact chronic inflammation might have on systemic diseases.

Chronic Inflammation

• It is often difficult to determine when the acute inflammatory process ends and the chronic inflammatory process, one of the possible results of acute inflammation, begins. Acute inflammation should resolve in about 2 weeks. Anything lasting longer than 2 weeks is most likely chronic.

• The purpose of chronic inflammation is to contain or remove a foreign substance or pathologic agent the acute inflammatory process failed to remove. However, chronic inflammation can occur without a preceding acute stage, as may occur in some autoimmune diseases.

• Chronic periodontitis may also occur without a preceding acute inflammatory process. Chronic inflammation is characterized by a large number of mononuclear cells in the tissue, tissue destruction, and ongoing unsuccessful attempts by the tissue to heal.